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History of Mexico City
The city now known as Mexico City was founded as Tenochtitlan by the Aztecs in 1325 and a century later became the dominant city-state of the Aztec Triple Alliance, formed in 1430 and composed of Tenochtitlan, Texcoco, and Tlacopan. At its height, Tenochtitlan had enormous temples and palaces, a huge ceremonial center, residences of political, religious, military, and merchants. Its population was estimated at least 100,000 and perhaps as high as 200,000 in 1519 when the Spaniards first saw it.〔Frances F. Berdan, ''The Aztecs of Central Mexico: An Imperial Society'', New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston 1982, p. 14.〕
During the final stage of the Spanish conquest of the Aztecs, Tenochtitlan was besieged and essentially razed. Hernán Cortés realized the strategic and symbolic importance of the Aztec capital and founded the Spanish capital of Mexico City on the site, and in particular rebuilt the Aztec ceremonial and political center as the main square, the Plaza Mayor, usually called the Zócalo. As the seats of the Viceroyalty of New Spain and the Archbishopric of Mexico, was the center of political and religious institutions, but it was also the center of Mexico's economic activity and the residence of social elites in colonial Mexico (1521–1821). It was where the great merchant houses were located and the economic elites of the country lived, even if their sources of wealth were elsewhere. The concentration of mansions and palaces in what is now the Mexico City historic center led it to be nicknamed, the "City of Palaces",〔 a sobriquet is often attributed to great savant Alexander von Humboldt, perhaps in error. It was also a major educational center, with the University of Mexico founded in 1553 as part of the complex of the Plaza Mayor. The crown-approved attempt to train Nahua men to become Christian priests saw the establishment in 1536 of the Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco in one of the two sections of the capital governed by a Nahua city council (''cabildo''). Many religious institutions for the education of the sons of Spanish elites were also based in the capital. Mexico City had the colony's largest concentration of those of Spanish heritage (both Iberian-born peninsulares and American-born criollos), as well as the largest concentration of mixed race casta population in the colony. Many Indians also lived outside the center of the capital.
Following independence in 1821 to the current era, Mexico City remains the country's largest and most important city. Post-independence, Mexico City was captured by U.S. forces during the Mexican–American War〔(【引用サイトリンク】title= The Storming of Chapultepec (General Pillow's Attack) )〕 and saw violence during the Reform War and the French Intervention as well as the Mexican Revolution.〔 At the beginning of the 20th century, the city's population stood at about 500,000. The city's history in the 20th and 21st centuries has been marked by explosive population growth and the problems that have accompanied it.〔 The city center deteriorated. and the government has had problems keeping up with basic services, but the building of the Mexico City Metro has allowed alleviated some major transportation problems. Smog became a serious problem as the shanty towns evolved, formed by the poor of the country migrating to the city. Since the 1985 Mexico City earthquake, which caused significant damage to the center of the city, efforts have been made to correct some of these problems.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title= Mexico City History )〕 In the 2000s, businessman and philanthropist Carlos Slim created a foundation to revitalize the historic center as well as sites near the Basilica of the Virgin of Guadalupe.
==The Aztec city-state of Tenochtitlan==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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